Saturday, December 31, 2016

Using Social Media



Using Social Media
January 1, 2017

Facebook, [1] Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, TeacherTube and other forms of social media are how people keep in touch these days.  They enable anyone to become an instant publisher at a low cost and with a minimal time commitment.  With the power of reaching a great number of users comes great responsibility.[2] They are also tools that libraries and other organizations can interact with users and lurkers on a daily basis.  Since posts by individuals are usually not vetted, sometimes the remarks have mistakes, unintelligible sentence fragments, poor grammar, unknown abbreviations, or jargon.  Posts can be a powerful force for your message or a source for embarrassing mistakes.  When using social media as business or organizational tools, warn your people not to post something that is compromising or in any way shows a side of the organization that would cause embarrassment.  As public relations tools all posts should promote the honesty and integrity of the organization.    As professionals remember to carefully edit what is posted or e-mailed even when posting as individuals on personal accounts.[3] I hope that all of you know this.

This article focuses on Facebook and I let the readers generalize to other platforms.

Facebook started as a tool for college students to get to know their classmates.[4]  It has developed into a communication tool for friends, family, groups, businesses, and non-profit organizations. I can find and communicate with individuals and organizations that are not findable with Google or other general search engines.  Some companies are using Facebook as part of their customer relations.  For example, last week I communicated with my Internet provider when regular e-mail refused to work.  I received a quick answer and soon was back using e-mail.

Facebook groups and pages may be set up of all kinds purposes including family, business and library groups.  For one of my library professional organizations, I maintained the page as part of my publicity responsibilities.  The Facebook page was a way to reach members about events, share comments, ask for help, and to share pictures of events. It was public relations and had no need to attract customers, users or new member.  The pictures and stories were a way to publicize what we did as librarians and spread good will. 

One of the core reasons for publicity is to inform our users, potential users, and those with the power and money what we do.  It is a way of making people feel good about our brand and comfortable interacting with us.  Too many people think collections and events happen by magic i.e. creation without professional expertise, time, and creative energy.

In 2007 Chainigo and Barnett-Ellis[5] observed that Facebook was an emerging phenomenon that was starting to blur the line between recreational and informational use of computers. They advised librarians to use Facebook to “learn new ways to reach out and communicate better with a larger segment of our users.” Facebook can be a powerful tool for the library to spread its message.  Terra Jacobson in her 2011 article[6] recommended making sure the page is updated often.  Jacobson also states what I had observed about librarian expectations. 

Facebook has developed a lot since 2007. Not only has the number of users increased, but the philosophy of a post has evolved from a status report to a story.  Posts are not limited to 256 characters as they once were. I don’t know the current limit but I have seen posts longer than 500 words.  Facebook now reminds administrators of groups when they have not posted in in a while. Facebook is also more secure than it was 6 years ago because some people misused their accounts.  Six years ago, Facebook was more recreational.  Today Facebook is a marketing tool, an information tool, and a communications tool to enable sharing and support with friends, relatives, customers, and colleagues. 

To review what I said in a previous article -- marketing is about getting people into the library, informing people about digital services (such as access to the catalog, databases and electronic books), and informing the public about events and programs.  Public relations is the spreading of good news about and concerning the library.  Use of social media is an important venue for these messages.

One has to hit the patrons with multiple forms of the same message because not everyone will understand or receive all the messages.  Some people have a preference for one form of message and some messages will be best when hitting multiple senses. To earn the respect of the patrons we have to give the message that the library is a producer of content.  The PR message tells the reader that there is library content worth their time.

Some Suggestions

Step back and examine what the people really need or want.  Try to determine the differences between "needs" and "wants?" Are you creating messages to address what your users and potential users need and want?  There is no "best way" to deliver your message.  One needs to hit the public with the message using several methods such as e-mail, signs, flyers, newsletters, personal contact, etc. Think about the types of messages to send with social media. Different folks respond to different kinds of messages.

Since the beginning of libraries, librarians have been producing bibliographies, subject guides, how to do research documents, catalogs, and indexes.  These types of works in book format were standard reference works that librarians and readers used to locate materials.  The ordinary library users often considered them dull and/or unnecessary.  This is until the patron desperately needed the information and then they couldn’t stop thanking us enough.

Create content for your Facebook posts.  Use some of the ideas from Library of Congress. [7]   Connect your posts to the library collections, resources and exhibits.  Make the posts timely such as “today in history,” remembering the birthday, passing, or anniversary of the death of someone who is connected to a book in the library.  famous and has written a book in the collection, or remembering.  Commemorate a special day, month or week with content connected to the library collection.

When library exhibits are prepared, post pictures of the physical displays, and post some of the exhibit documents on Facebook. Sometimes prepare an electronic exhibit.[8] Sometimes it is hard to measure the impact of Facebook posts.  Make the posting content oriented rather than dry news reporting. Spend the time to post frequent content.

There are no magic answers.  You could follow all the best advice and still not have messages that sink into the right brains.  Some retailers send me daily e-mail.  While I am not going to buy from them on any given day, I will buy from them some day. Don’t give up.  Keep posting in Facebook and keep the messages coming.

Getting the word out that you offer superior service is not easy. First you really have to offer superior service and believe in yourselves. Then you have to tell people via personal, electronic and print media what you do. We have to weed out the negative thoughts. If social media is used as a tool, not a toy it can only help spread our message.



[1] Picture is “Facebook” by Sarah Marshal (2013).    From PhotoforClass.com.  Creative Commons license.

[2] Sorry Marvel Comics and Spiderman there is no other good way to make my point.  The quote was made by the narrator in the first Spiderman issue 1962 August, Amazing Fantasy #15, Comic Book Story Title: “Spider-Man!”, Writer: Stan Lee, Illustrator: Steve Ditko, (Quotation appeared in caption above a panel showing the back of character Peter Parker walking away down an urban street), Published by Marvel Comics, New York.   The quote has sources that go back more than 200 years to Voltaire and perhaps older.

[3] For more information on how to bet careful about your online persona see:  “What You Need to Know About Trade Libel” http://www.inc.com/libertymutual/what-you-need-to-know-about-trade-libel.html .  INC magazine Published on: Aug 12, 2016; retrieved Dec. 4, 2016.  An unsubstantiated claim about a business or other organization can leave you open to an accusation of libel.  Litigation based on a posting can be difficult and expensive to defend.  Even if you are proved to have done nothing wrong, or the case is dismissed for lack of proof, the accusation can harm your personal and/or organizational reputation.

[4] There is a Wikipedia article (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Facebook) “History of Facebook” and an article from Business Insider Mar. 5, 2010 (http://www.businessinsider.com/how-facebook-was-founded-2010-3#we-can-talk-about-that-after-i-get-all-the-basic-functionality-up-tomorrow-night-1) , “At Last -- The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded” by Nicholas Carlson.   I joined Facebook in 2008, which is before it was open to everyone because I was a faculty member at one of the early schools that the founders allowed to join.  At first I checked in about once every two weeks.  Later when I saw students in the Library checking Facebook every few minutes, I started to learn about the features and power of reading and posting.

[5] Charnigo, Laurie, and Paula Barnett-Ellis. "Checking Out Facebook.Com: The Impact Of A Digital Trend On Academic Libraries." Information Technology & Libraries 26.1 (2007): 23-34.

[6] Jacobson, Terra B.  “Facebook as a Library Tool: Perceived vs. Actual Use.” College and Research Libraries (January 2011 vol. 2:1) p. 79-90.

[7] The Library of Congress does a great job of preparing electronic exhibits in conjunction with physical exhibits.  Here is the link to the current exhibit on Rosa Parks (1913-2005): https://www.loc.gov/collections/rosa-parks-papers/about-this-collection/  Library of Congress  posted a notice of this exhibit on December 1, 2016 on its Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/libraryofcongress/)  This photo is from Library of Congress is called, “Rosa on a Carousel.” Frequent posts highlight items from the library connected with “today in history.”  I use this idea in my library Facebook posts.

Contrast Loyola with Loyola University of Chicago’s Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/luclibraries/?fref=ts)  Loyola has pictures and promotions of events and some links to blog articles.  It has very little content connecting to library resources.  The Loyola Library web site (http://libraries.luc.edu/) does not have any electronic exhibits. The site is mainly for searching the catalog and databases.

The University of Chicago’s Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/uchicagolibrary/?fref=ts) has lots of content connecting to the collection including links to staff profiles and information about learning more about library databases. The Library web site (https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/) has a link to information about library exhibits, but no real virtual exhibits.

[8] The Library of Congress does a great job of preparing electronic exhibits in conjunction with physical exhibits.  Here is the link to the current exhibit on Rosa Parks (1913-2005): https://www.loc.gov/collections/rosa-parks-papers/about-this-collection/  LOC  posted a notice of this exhibit on December 1, 2016 on its Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/libraryofcongress/)  Frequent posts highlight items from the library connected with “today in history.”  I use this idea in my library Facebook posts.

Contrast LOC with Loyola University of Chicago’s Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/luclibraries/?fref=ts)  Loyola has pictures and promotions of events and some links to blog articles.  It has very little content connecting to library resources.  The Loyola Library web site (http://libraries.luc.edu/) does not have any electronic exhibits. The site is mainly for searching the catalog and databases.

The University of Chicago’s Facebook page (https://www.facebook.com/uchicagolibrary/?fref=ts) has lots of content connecting to the collection including links to staff profiles and information about learning more about library databases. The Library web site (https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/) has a link to information about library exhibits, but no real virtual exhibits.

Monday, December 26, 2016

Vocabulary of the Search




Too many Internet users think that Google or other search engines are the best way to search for information. Yesterday a friend was asking questions about the history of the synagogue we were in.  I told him that my son wrote an article about a part of the history.  The article was not published in any source that he could check with Google.  He said that he was going to check with Google.  I tried to tell him that there is a good reason libraries pay big bucks for databases and Google makes money selling ads.  I even offered to send him the article if he would give me his e-mail address.



Today Google came through.  With my alerts I found out that he searched for the information.  He found the article (home.earthlink.net/~ddstuhlman/crc94.pdf)  that I wrote about helping my son write the article. He did not find the article my son wrote.

In 2003 I taught a beginning course in database searching.  Part of understanding the best search strategy is to understand how databases work.  Here is a list of vocabulary terms that are as relevant today as they were back in 2003.  I made only minor updates.

         Byte: The smallest unit able to transfer or store data in the computer memory or a file is a 0 or 1. Bytes are the building blocks for programs.  One byte can store one character.
          
         Character: In language the smallest unit of information is the alphabet.  The letters form phonemes (the smallest unit of sound), morphemes (the smallest grammatical unit) and eventually words.  Words form phrases and sentences.
          
         Field:  An identified element of a record that contains alpha or numeric data, e.g. title field or author field.
    
         Database:  A collection of data and/or information.
       
         File:  Collection of related information. In the computer files contain programs, text, or data.
    
         Record:  Unit of a file that contains all information regarding a particular item.
       
         Database producer:  A company that collects and organizes data, turns data into information, and creates machine-readable files.
        
         Vendor:  An organization that sells information access to institutions or consumers.
       
         Databank:  A group of databases that are vended by the same company.
       
         Information retrieval:  Making a given collection of stored information available to users who want access.
        
         End User: Person who does the search or the person needing the information.
          
         False Drop: A citation produced from a logically correct search that is not relevant to the user’s needs.
         
         Hits or Postings: Both terms are used to indicate the number of documents or citation reported.

         Information: Organized data that has been arranged for better comprehension or understanding. What is one person's information can become an other person's data. 

         Relevant:   Results that are useable, appropriate, or on topic.  A highly subjective term that only the user of the information can judge and even then may judge inconsistently. 
         
         Recall:  The number of retrieved relevant items out of all possible relevant items in a file
       
         Precision:  The number of relevant items retrieved out of the actual number of items retrieved.  Ideally, a good search has both good precision and recall, in reality you usually have to sacrifice one for the other.

Types of databases

         Reference or citation – Points users to the source of information.   Examples are bibliographic data bases such as library catalogs and indexes.
          
         Source or Full text – Contains the actual data or texts that the user wants. Examples are Ebsco academic databases, encyclopedias, ProQuest, and Nexis/Lexis.
          
         Directories: Provide access to names, addresses and related data. Examples are: Phone books,  American Library Directory

         Pictorial :  Provides access to graphic and other still visuals.  Examples are: ArtStor or map databases.

         Visual and/audio: Provide access to recorded moving images and recorded audio. Examples are Alexander Street Videos and PBS videos.

         Hybrid databases: Databases that can’t be classified in one of the categories or contain both full text and  citations. Examples are: Internet Archive and WestLaw.
          
Database players

      In commercial online searching there are usually 4 players:

         1. Database producer creates the database itself
       
         2. Database vendor processes and distributes the database to libraries, businesses, and organizations.
        
         3. A trained expert to help the end user learn about searching or to help guide the search
        
         4. End user the person who will actually use the search results
       
In some cases, the producer and vendor will be the same entity.